Those having history of mania or hypomania and other Axis I disorders were not taken up for this study. They had already been assessed for mania/hypomania symptoms in current episode or in past (particularly mania/hypomania in summer season) using routine clinical interview and Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). The case records and assessment was done by different members of the resident staff, but most of them were recorded by two of the authors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients of SAD (winter depression) fulfilling DSM-IV-TR criteria for major depressive disorder, recurrent, with seasonal pattern (winter season), who failed to respond or responded partially to different anti-depressants were assessed from hospital records. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4 th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) describes SAD not as a separate mood disorder but as ‘Specifier’ referring to the seasonal pattern of major depressive episodes that can occur within major depression or bipolar disorders. INTRODUCTION Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) was first time described as syndrome of recurrent episodes of depression that occur annually (usually in winter season at same time each year) by Rosenthal et al.
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